Energy storage battery technology, as an important branch of modern energy field, its principle and application are widely involved in many disciplines. Starting from the electrochemical principle, the energy storage battery stores and releases electrical energy through the chemical reaction of positive and negative electrode materials. Different types of energy storage batteries have unique differences in material selection, structural design, etc., which also determines their different performance and application scenarios. In the fields of renewable energy grid connection, electric vehicles, microgrids and so on, energy storage batteries play a crucial role. Through a comprehensive analysis of energy storage battery technology, we can better understand its working principle and application value, and provide strong support for future energy development.